Abstract: moteri ya Diesel irashobora gusohora ingufu mugihe ikora.Usibye urugereko rwaka hamwe na crank ihuza inkoni ihindura mu buryo butaziguye ingufu zumuriro wa lisansi mu mbaraga za mashini, bagomba no kuba bafite uburyo na sisitemu bijyanye kugirango imikorere yabo, kandi ubwo buryo hamwe na sisitemu birahuzwa kandi bigahuzwa.Ubwoko butandukanye nogukoresha moteri ya mazutu bifite uburyo butandukanye bwa sisitemu na sisitemu, ariko imikorere yabyo ni imwe.Moteri ya mazutu igizwe ahanini nibice bigize umubiri hamwe nuburyo bwo guhuza inkoni, uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza valve hamwe na sisitemu yo gufata no gusohora, uburyo bwo gutanga lisansi no kugenzura umuvuduko, sisitemu yo gusiga amavuta, sisitemu yo gukonjesha, ibikoresho byo gutangiza nubundi buryo na sisitemu.
1 、 Ibigize nibikorwa bya moteri ya mazutu
Moteri ya Diesel ni ubwoko bwa moteri yaka imbere, nigikoresho cyo guhindura ingufu zihindura ingufu zubushyuhe ziva mumuriro wa peteroli zikaba ingufu za mashini.Moteri ya mazutu nigice cyingufu za generator yashyizweho, mubisanzwe igizwe na crankshaft ihuza inkoni hamwe nibice byumubiri, uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza valve hamwe na sisitemu yo gufata no gusohora, sisitemu yo gutanga mazutu, sisitemu yo gusiga amavuta, sisitemu yo gukonjesha, hamwe na sisitemu y'amashanyarazi.
1. Crankshaft ihuza uburyo bwinkoni
Kugirango uhindure ingufu zubushyuhe zabonetse mumashanyarazi, birakenewe ko tuyuzuza binyuze mumashanyarazi ahuza inkoni.Ubu buryo bugizwe ahanini nibice nka piston, pin ya piston, guhuza inkoni, crankshafts, na flywheels,.Iyo lisansi yaka kandi igatwika mucyumba cyaka, kwaguka kwa gaze bitanga umuvuduko hejuru ya piston, ugasunika piston kugirango isubire inyuma kandi igororotse.Hifashishijwe inkoni ihuza, crankshaft irazunguruka kugirango itware imashini ikora (umutwaro) kugirango ikore akazi.
Itsinda ry'umubiri
Ibigize umubiri cyane cyane birimo blindingi, umutwe wa silinderi, na crankcase.Nibikoresho byo guteranya sisitemu zitandukanye zikoreshwa muri moteri ya mazutu, kandi ibice byinshi byayo ni ibice bigize moteri ya moteri ya mazutu no guhuza inkoni, uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza valve hamwe na sisitemu yo gufata no gusohora, uburyo bwo gutanga lisansi no kugenzura umuvuduko, sisitemu yo gusiga amavuta, hamwe no gukonjesha. Sisitemu.Kurugero, umutwe wa silinderi hamwe na piston ikamba hamwe bigizwe n'umwanya wo gutwika icyumba, kandi ibice byinshi, imiyoboro yo gufata no gusohora, hamwe nibice bya peteroli nabyo byateguwe kuriyo.
3. Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza Valve
Kugirango igikoresho gihore gihindura ingufu zumuriro ingufu za mashini, kigomba kandi kuba gifite uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ikirere kugirango hafatwe umwuka mwiza no gusohora imyanda yaka.
Gariyamoshi ya valve igizwe nitsinda rya valve (gufata valve, gufata ibyuma bisohoka, kuyobora valve, intebe ya valve, hamwe na progaramu ya valve, nibindi) hamwe nitsinda ryogukwirakwiza (tappet, tappet, ukuboko kwa rocker, shitingi yamaboko, camshaft, nibikoresho byigihe , n'ibindi).Imikorere ya gari ya moshi ni ugukingura mugihe no gufunga mugihe cyo gufata no gusohora imyuka ukurikije ibisabwa bimwe na bimwe, gusohora gaze ya gaze muri silinderi, no guhumeka umwuka mwiza, bigatuma inzira ya moteri ya mazutu igenda neza.
4. Sisitemu ya lisansi
Ingufu zumuriro zigomba gutanga lisansi runaka, yoherejwe mubyumba byaka kandi bivanze rwose numwuka kugirango bitange ubushyuhe.Kubwibyo, hagomba kubaho sisitemu ya lisansi.
Imikorere ya sisitemu yo gutanga lisansi ya mazutu ni ugutera mazutu runaka ya mazutu mucyumba cyaka ku muvuduko runaka mugihe runaka, hanyuma ukayivanga numwuka kugirango ukore imirimo yo gutwika.Igizwe ahanini na tank ya mazutu, pompe yohereza lisansi, filteri ya mazutu, pompe yo gutera lisansi (pompe yamavuta yumuvuduko mwinshi), inshinge za lisansi, umugenzuzi wihuta, nibindi.
5. Sisitemu yo gukonjesha
Kugirango ugabanye igihombo cya moteri ya mazutu no kwemeza ubushyuhe busanzwe bwibice bitandukanye, moteri ya mazutu igomba kuba ifite uburyo bwo gukonjesha.Sisitemu yo gukonjesha igomba kuba igizwe nibice nka pompe yamazi, radiator, thermostat, umuyaga, na jacket yamazi.
6. Sisitemu yo gusiga
Imikorere ya sisitemu yo gusiga ni ugutanga amavuta yo kwisiga hejuru yubusabane bwibice bitandukanye byimuka ya moteri ya mazutu, bigira uruhare mukugabanya ubushyamirane, gukonjesha, kweza, gufunga, no gukumira ingese, kugabanya kurwanya ubukana no kwambara, no gufata kure yubushyuhe buterwa no guterana, bityo bigatuma imikorere isanzwe ya moteri ya mazutu.Igizwe ahanini na pompe yamavuta, filteri yamavuta, radiator yamavuta, indangagaciro zitandukanye, hamwe namavuta yo gusiga.
7. Tangira sisitemu
Kugirango utangire vuba moteri ya mazutu, igikoresho cyo gutangiza nacyo gisabwa kugenzura itangira rya moteri ya mazutu.Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutangira, ibice bifite ibikoresho byo gutangiza mubisanzwe bitangizwa na moteri yamashanyarazi cyangwa moteri ya pneumatike.Kumashanyarazi afite ingufu nyinshi, umwuka wugarijwe ukoreshwa mugutangira.
2 principle Ihame ryakazi rya moteri enye ya moteri
Mubikorwa byubushyuhe, gusa inzira yo kwaguka ya fluid ikora ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora akazi, kandi turasaba moteri guhora itanga imirimo yubukanishi, tugomba rero gutuma amazi akora yaguka inshuro nyinshi.Kubwibyo, birakenewe kugerageza kugarura amazi akora muburyo bwambere mbere yo kwaguka.Kubwibyo, moteri ya mazutu igomba kunyura muburyo bune bwumuriro: gufata, kwikuramo, kwaguka, hamwe numuriro mbere yuko isubira muburyo bwambere, bigatuma moteri ya mazutu ikomeza kubyara imirimo yubukanishi.Kubwibyo, ibintu bine byavuzwe haruguru byitwa cycle cycle.Niba piston ya moteri ya mazutu irangije gukubita inshuro enye ikarangiza icyiciro kimwe cyakazi, moteri yitwa moteri ya mazutu ane.
1. Fata inkorora
Intego yo gufata ni uguhumeka umwuka mwiza no kwitegura gutwikwa.Kugirango ugere kubyo gufata, hagomba kubaho itandukaniro ryumuvuduko hagati yimbere na hanze ya silinderi.Kubwibyo, mugihe cyiyi stroke, valve isohoka irafunga, valve yo gufata irakinguka, hanyuma piston ikava hagati yapfuye ikajya munsi yapfuye.Ijwi muri silindiri hejuru ya piston ryaguka buhoro buhoro, kandi umuvuduko uragabanuka.Umuvuduko wa gaze muri silinderi uri hafi 68-93kPa munsi yumuvuduko wikirere.Mubikorwa byumuvuduko wikirere, umwuka mwiza winjizwa muri silinderi unyuze mumashanyarazi.Iyo piston igeze hepfo yapfuye, valve yo gufata irafunga kandi inkoni yo gufata irarangira.
2. Kwikubita hasi
Intego yo kwikuramo ni ukongera umuvuduko nubushyuhe bwumwuka imbere muri silinderi, bigatanga uburyo bwo gutwika peteroli.Bitewe no gufunga no gufunga imyuka, umwuka uri muri silinderi urahagarikwa, kandi umuvuduko nubushyuhe nabyo byiyongera bikurikije.Urwego rwo kwiyongera ruterwa nurwego rwo kwikuramo, kandi moteri ya mazutu itandukanye irashobora kugira itandukaniro rito.Iyo piston yegereye hejuru yapfuye, umuvuduko wumwuka muri silinderi ugera kuri (3000-5000) kPa naho ubushyuhe bukagera kuri 500-700 ℃, burenze kure ubushyuhe bwa mazutu bwa mazutu.
3. Kwiyongera
Iyo piston iri hafi kurangira, inshinge ya lisansi itangira gutera mazutu muri silinderi, ikayivanga numwuka kugirango ikore imvange yaka, hanyuma ihita yaka.Muri iki gihe, umuvuduko uri imbere ya silinderi uzamuka vuba kugera kuri 6000-9000kPa, kandi ubushyuhe bugera kuri (1800-2200) ℃.Munsi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe na gaze yumuvuduko mwinshi, piston iramanuka ijya hagati yapfuye hanyuma igatwara igikonjo kuzunguruka, ikora akazi.Mugihe piston yo kwagura gazi igabanuka, umuvuduko wacyo ugenda ugabanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe umuyaga ufunguye.
4. Umuvuduko ukabije
4. Umuvuduko ukabije
Intego ya stroke isohoka ni ugukuraho gaze ya gaze muri silinderi.Amashanyarazi amaze kurangira, gaze muri silinderi yahindutse gaze yuzuye, kandi ubushyuhe bwayo bugabanuka kuri (800 ~ 900) ℃ naho umuvuduko ukamanuka kuri (294 ~ 392) kPa.Kuri ubu, valve isohoka irakingura mugihe valve yo gufata ikomeza gufungwa, hanyuma piston ikava munsi yapfuye ikajya hejuru yapfuye.Munsi yumuvuduko usigaye hamwe na piston itera muri silinderi, gaze isohoka hanze ya silinderi.Iyo piston igeze hejuru yapfuye hejuru, inzira irangiye.Nyuma yo gusohora ibintu birangiye, valve isohoka irafunga na valve yo gufata irongera irakingura, isubiramo uruziga rukurikira kandi ikomeza gukora hanze.
3 、 Ibyiciro nibiranga moteri ya mazutu
Moteri ya mazutu ni moteri yaka imbere ikoresha mazutu nka lisansi.Moteri ya Diesel ni moteri ya compression yo gutwika, bakunze kwita moteri ya Diesel nyuma yuwabihimbye nyamukuru, Diesel.Iyo moteri ya mazutu ikora, ikurura umwuka uva muri silinderi hanyuma igahagarikwa ku rugero rwo hejuru kubera kugenda kwa piston, igera ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa 500-700 ℃.Hanyuma, lisansi yatewe mumyuka yubushyuhe bwo hejuru muburyo bwijimye, ikavangwa numwuka wubushyuhe bwo hejuru kugirango ikore imvange yaka, ihita yaka kandi igashya.Ingufu zarekuwe mugihe cyo gutwika zikora hejuru ya piston, kuyisunika no kuyihindura imirimo yubukanishi ikoresheje inkoni ihuza na crankshaft.
1. Ubwoko bwa moteri ya Diesel
(1) Ukurikije ukwezi kwakazi, irashobora kugabanywamo moteri enye na moteri ebyiri za mazutu.
(2) Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukonjesha, irashobora kugabanywamo moteri ikonjesha amazi na moteri ikonje.
.
.
.
.
(7) Ukurikije umubare wa silinderi, irashobora kugabanywamo silinderi imwe na moteri ya mazutu myinshi.
.
.
.
.
2. Ibiranga moteri ya mazutu kubyara ingufu
Amashanyarazi ya Diesel akoreshwa na moteri ya mazutu.Ugereranije nibikoresho bisanzwe bitanga ingufu nkamashanyarazi yumuriro, amashanyarazi ya turbine, moteri ya gaz turbine, amashanyarazi ya nucleaire, nibindi, bafite ibiranga imiterere yoroshye, guhuzagurika, ishoramari rito, ikirenge gito, gukora neza cyane, gutangira byoroshye, kugenzura byoroshye, uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora, kubungabunga no gusana byoroshye, igiciro gito cyuzuye cyo guteranya no kubyara amashanyarazi, hamwe no gutanga ibitoro byoroshye no kubika.Moteri nyinshi ya mazutu ikoreshwa mugutanga amashanyarazi ni variant ya rusange-intego cyangwa izindi moteri ya mazutu ifite intego zikurikira:
(1) Umuvuduko uhoraho n'umuvuduko
Inshuro za AC power zashyizwe kuri 50Hz na 60Hz, bityo umuvuduko wa generator urashobora kuba 1500 na 1800r / min.Ubushinwa n’ibihugu byahoze bikoresha ingufu z’Abasoviyeti bikoresha cyane cyane 1500r / min, mu gihe ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Amerika bikoresha cyane 1800r / min.
(2) Umuvuduko uhamye wa voltage
Ibisohoka biva mumashanyarazi ya mazutu akoreshwa mubushinwa ni 400 / 230V (6.3kV kumashanyarazi manini), hamwe numurongo wa 50Hz hamwe nimbaraga za cos ф = 0.8.
(3) Urwego rwo guhinduranya imbaraga ni rugari.
Imbaraga za moteri ya mazutu ikoreshwa mugutanga amashanyarazi irashobora gutandukana kuva 0.5kW kugeza 10000kW.Mubisanzwe, moteri ya mazutu ifite ingufu zingana na 12-1500kW zikoreshwa nka sitasiyo zigendanwa, amasoko yinyuma, amasoko yihutirwa, cyangwa amashanyarazi akoreshwa mucyaro.Amashanyarazi ahamye cyangwa yo mu nyanja akunze gukoreshwa nkamasoko yingufu, hamwe nimbaraga za kilowat ibihumbi icumi.
(4) Afite ububiko runaka.
Moteri ya Diesel yo kubyara amashanyarazi muri rusange ikora mubihe bihamye bikora hamwe nigipimo kinini.Amashanyarazi yihutirwa no gusubira inyuma asanzwe ashyirwa kuri 12h power, mugihe ingufu zikoreshwa cyane zipimwa kumashanyarazi ahoraho (imbaraga zihuye na generator yashizweho zigomba kugabanya igihombo cyogukwirakwiza no gushimisha moteri, hanyuma igasiga ububiko runaka).
(5) Bifite ibikoresho byo kugenzura umuvuduko.
Kugirango hamenyekane ituze ryibisohoka voltage yumurongo wa generator yashizweho, ibikoresho byihuta byo kugenzura byihuta byashyizweho.Kubikorwa bigereranijwe hamwe na gride ihuza amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo guhindura umuvuduko byashizweho.
(6)Ifite ibikorwa byo kurinda no kwikora.
Incamake:
(7)Bitewe no gukoresha cyane moteri ya mazutu kubyara amashanyarazi kuba nkamashanyarazi asubira inyuma, amashanyarazi agendanwa, nandi masoko y’amashanyarazi, isoko ryiyongera uko umwaka utashye.Iyubakwa rya Gride ya Leta ryageze ku ntsinzi nini, kandi amashanyarazi ahanini yageze ku gihugu hose.Ni muri urwo rwego, gukoresha moteri ya mazutu mu kubyaza ingufu amashanyarazi ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa ni bike, ariko biracyafite uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu.Hamwe niterambere rihoraho ryubuhanga bwo gukora, tekinoroji yo kugenzura byikora, ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoronike, hamwe nikoranabuhanga rikora ibikoresho.Moteri ya Diesel kubyara amashanyarazi iratera imbere igana miniaturizasi, ingufu nyinshi, gukoresha peteroli nkeya, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, urusaku ruke, nubwenge.Iterambere rihoraho no kuvugurura ikorana buhanga ryateje imbere ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi n’urwego rwa tekiniki rwa moteri ya mazutu yo kubyaza ingufu amashanyarazi, ibyo bikazateza imbere cyane kuzamura ubushobozi bw’inguzanyo zitangwa mu nzego zitandukanye.
https://www.urubuga rwimbaraga.com
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-02-2024